Buescher, ES, McWilliams-Koeppen, P. Soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) receptors in human colostrum and milk bind to TNF-alpha and neutralize TNF-alpha bioactivity. Pediatric Research 44(1):37-42 (1998). The ability of colostrum to modulate the inflammatory response is unique. One of the ways in which it does this is through TNF-a receptor proteins, which are found in colostrum. These bind to TNF-a, which inactivates the TNF-a. TNF-a is the activator of the entire inflammatory cascade, so by controlling its activity, colostrum controls the degree of the inflammatory response and can shut it off altogether.
Collins, AM, et al. Bovine milk, including pasteurized milk, contains antibodies directed against allergens of clinical importance to man. International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology 96:362-367 (1991) . The presence of antibodies against many of the most common allergies in man, including ryegrass pollen, house dust mites, Aspergillus mold and wheat gluten, were detected in bovine colostrum.
Delespesse, G. Polypeptide factors from colostrum. US Patent #5,371,073 (1994) . IgE (the immunoglobulin involved in allergic response) binding factors (IgE-bf) and IgE suppressor activity (IgE-SF) obtained from colostrum have been successfully used to treat allergies.
Elrod, KC, et al. Lactoferrin, a potent tryptase inhibitor, abolished late-phase airway responses in allergic sheep. American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine 156:375-381 (1997) . Tryptase, a digestive enzyme, has been implicated in various aspects of asthma, including bronchoconstriction and airway hyperreactivity. Lactoferrin has been shown to inhibit tryptase activity, thus relieving the symptoms of asthma.
Goldman, AS, et al. Anti-inflammatory properties of human milk. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 75(5):689-695 (1986) . The major anti-inflammatory components found in human milk (and bovine colostrum) include anti-proteases, lactoferrin, lysozyme, secretory IgA, and a number of antioxidants, including cysteine, ascorbate, alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene.
Keech, A.M., Peptide Immunotherapy: The Use of Bovine Colostrum Proline-Rich Polypeptides in Cytokine Modulation for the Alternative Relief of Allergic Symptoms. 2007 AAAAI Annual Meeting , San Diego, February 23-27 (to be published).
LeFranc-Millot C, Vercaigne-Marko D, Wal J. -M, et al. (1996) Comparison of the IgE titers to bovine colostral G immunoglobulins and the F(ab')2 fragments in sera of patients allergic to milk. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 110:156-162.
Murphey, DK, Buescher, ES. Human colostrum has anti-inflammatory activity in a rat subcutaneous air pouch model of inflammation. Pediatric Research 34(2):208-212 (1993). In an experimental animal model using subcutaneous air pouches in rats, colostrum showed significant anti-inflammatory activity.
Savilahti, E, Tainio, VM, Salmenpera, L, Arjomaa, P, Kallio, M, Perheentupa, J, Siimes, MA. Low colostral IgA associated with cow's milk allergy. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 80(12):1207-1213 (1991) .
Savilahti E, Tainio VM, Salmenpera L, Arjomaa P, Kallio M, Perheentupa J, Siimes MA. (1991) Low colostral IgA associated with cow's milk allergy.Acta Pediatr Scan. 80:1207-1213.
Selo I, Clement G, Bernard H, et al. (1999) Allergy to bovine B-lactoglobulin: specificity of human IgE to tryptic peptides. Clinical and Experimental Allergy. 29:1055-1063.
Yoshioka, Y, Kudo, S, Nishimura, H, Yajima, T, Kishihara, K, Saito, K, Suzuki, T, Suzuki, Y, Kuroiwa, S, Yoshikai, Y. (2005) Oral administration of bovine colostrum stimulates intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes to polarize Th1-type in mice. International Immunopharmacology 5(3):581-90 . Stimulating the Th1 immune response from the Th2 skewed immune response in infancy is important to reduce the incidence of allergies. Mice given colostrum showed a polarization to Th1 response in intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes while intestinal microflora and IgA levels showed no change. This suggests that colostrum may protect from both infectious disease and allergies mediated by Th2 type responses.
"Clinical studies show that IgE found in bovine colostrum, may be responsible for regulating allergic response," according to Drs. Tortora, Funke and Cast in Microbiology.
For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Allergies
Amaducci, L, et al. Use of phosphatidylserine in Alzheimer's disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 640:245-249 (1991) . Supplementation with phosphatidylserine, one of the phospholipids found in BIO-lipid, also produces an improvement in symptoms in Alzheimer's.
Amaducci L. (1988) Phosphatidylserine in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: results of a multicenter study. Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 24(1):130-4 .
Ames, BN, et al. Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 90(17):7915-7922(1993) . Oxidant by-products of metabolism cause significant damage to DNA, proteins and lipids. This damage results in aging and the degenerative diseases associated with aging, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, immune system decline, brain dysfunction and cataracts. Antioxidant defenses against these diseases decline with age, necessitating the supplementation of antioxidants in the diet.
Bilikiewicz, A, Gaus, W. Colostrinin (a naturally occurring, proline-rich, polypeptide mixture) in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 6(1):17-26 (2004) .
Crook, TH, et al. Effects of phosphatidylserine in age-associated memory impairment. Neurology 41(5):644-649 (1991) . Patients with age-associated memory impairment showed significant improvement in memory performance tests with phosphatidylserine supplementation over a 12 week period.
Crook, T, et al. Effects of phosphatidylserine in Alzheimer's disease. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 28(1):61-66 (1992) . Another study which showed an improvement in symptoms of Alzheimer's with phosphatidylserine supplementation over 12 weeks. The less the impairment, the greater the improvement, suggesting that the earlier phosphatidylserine supplementation is begun in the course of the disease, the better the results will be.
Cross, CE, et al. Oxygen radicals and human disease. Annals of Internal Medicine 107(4):526-545 (1987) . Oxygen free radicals, the by-products of normal metabolism, have been implicated in disease processes ranging from carcinogenesis to aging, emphasizing the importance of antioxidants in combating these conditions.
Leszek, J, et al. Colostrinin: proline-rich polypeptide complex from ovine colostrum - a long-term study of its efficacy in Alzheimer's disease. Medical Science Monitor 8(10):P193-P196 (2002) . In a longer-term study, colostrinin produced improvement or stabilization in patients involved in the study.
Leszek, J, Inglot, AD, Janusz, M, Lisowski, J, Krukowska, K, Georgiades, JA. Colostrinin: a proline-rich polypeptide (PRP) complex isolated from ovine colostrum for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis (Warszava) 47(6):377-385 (1999) .
Leszek, J, Inglot, AD, Janusz, M, Byczkiewicz, F, Kiejna, A, Georgiades, J, Lisowski, J. Colostrinin proline-rich polypeptide complex from ovine colostrum--a long-term study of its efficacy in Alzheimer's disease. Medical Science Monitor 8(10):193-196 (2002) .
Mikulska, JE, Lisowski, J. A proline-rich polypeptide complex (PRP) from ovine colostrum. Studies on the effect of PRP on nitric oxide (NO) production induced by LPS in THP-1 cells. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology 25(4):645-654 (2003) .
Popik, P, Bobula, B, Janusz, M, Lisowski, J, Vetulani, J. Colostrinin, a polypeptide isolated from early milk, facilitates learning and memory in rats. Pharmacology and Biochemistry of Behavior 64(1):183-189 (1999) .
Popik, P, Galoch, Z, Janusz, M, Lisowski, J, Vetulani, J. Cognitive effects of Colostral-Val nonapeptide in aged rats. Behavioral Brain Research 118(2):201-208 (2001) .
Stewart, MG, Banks, D. Enhancement of long-term memory retention by Colostrinin in one-day-old chicks trained on a weak passive avoidance learning paradigm. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory prepublication (2006) .
Schuster, D, Rajendran, A, Hui, SW, Nicotera, T, Srikrishnan, T, Kruzel, ML. Protective effect of colostrinin on neuroblastoma cell survival is due to reduced aggregation of beta-amyloid. Neuropeptides 39(4):419-426 (2005) .
Zablocka, A, Janusz, M, Macala, J, Lisowski, J. A proline-rich polypeptide complex and its nonapeptide fragment inhibit nitric oxide production induced in mice. Regulatory Peptides 125(1-3):35-39 (2005) .
For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Alzheimer's
Ballard et. al. "Effects of anabolic agents on protein breakdown."Biochem J, 1983;210:243-249:
Gil, A. & Sanchez-Medina, F. "Acid soluble nucleotides of cow's, goat's and sheep's milk at different stages of lactation." Journal of Dairy Research, 1981;48:35-44 .
Holbrook, N.J. & Ikeyama, S. "Age-related decline in cellular response to oxidative stress: links to growth factor signaling pathways with common defects." Biochem Pharmacol, 2002;64(5-6):999-1005 .
Playford, R.J., et al. "Co-administration of the health food supplement, bovine colostrum, reduces the acute nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced increase in intestinal permeability." Clin Sci (Lond), 2001;100(6):627-633 .
Ullman, et al. "Effects of Growth Hormone on muscle regeneration and IgF-1 concentration in old rats." Acta Physiol Scand, 1990;140:521-525 .
Xian, C.J., et al. "Degradation of IGF-1 in the adult rat gastrointestinal tract is limited by a specific antiserum or the dietary protein casein." Journal of Endocrinology, 1995;146:215-225 .
For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Anti-aging
F. Runa Ali, A. Barry Kay, Mark Larché, The Potential of Peptide Immunotherapy in Allergy and Asthma , Current Allergy and Asthma Reports 2001 .
"Allergy and Asthma"Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hellbrunner Str. 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Albert Duschl .
Elrod, KC, et al. Lactoferrin, a potent tryptase inhibitor, abolished late-phase airway responses in allergic sheep. American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine 156:375-381 (1997) . Tryptase, a digestive enzyme, has been implicated in various aspects of asthma, including bronchoconstriction and airway hyperreactivity. Lactoferrin has been shown to inhibit tryptase activity, thus relieving the symptoms of asthma.
Khan, A, Sellars, W, Grater, W, Graham, MF, Pflanzer, J, Antonetti, A, Bailey, J, Hill, NO. The usefulness of transfer factor in asthma associated with frequent infections. Annals of Allergy 40(4):229-232 (1978) .
For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Asthma
Anti-Microbial (Moldoveanu, Zina, et al, "Antibacterial Properties of Milk; IgA_ Peroxidase-Lactoferrin Interactions" Annals of N.Y. Academy of Science, (1983) Vol. 409, 848-850 .
Conneely, OM. Anti-inflammatory activities of lactoferrin. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 20(Suppl.5):389S-395S (2001) . Lactoferrin inhibits dermal inflammatory cytokine production and acts as a potent anti-inflammatory protein at local sites of inflammation, including the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.
Borody, TJ, et al. Tunnel vision in the bowel. Center for Digestive Diseases (2001) . Review of irritable bowel syndrome, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, and its etiology, including infective agents such as Shigella and Campylobacter. Infections of the gut are difficult to treat because no antimicrobial therapy is available that is effective against Clostridia spores. Only bovine colostrum has proven clinical efficacy in eradicating intestinal pathogens, such as rotavirus, and may help control the infections seen in chronic disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome due to the number of biologically active components in colostrum. The growth factors in colostrum help heal intestinal erosions and ulcerations. It also contains anti-inflammatory factors and is nutrient rich. Colostrum may be used alone or in combination with other anti-inflammatory and/or immune substances. Future research should focus on identifying immune strategies, novel delivery systems and identification of the bioactives in colostrum.
Britigan, BE, et al. The role of lactoferrin as an anti-inflammatory molecule. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 357:143-156 (1994) . While the role of lactoferrin in providing non-specific immunity is well documented, it also plays a role in the anti-inflammatory response through its antioxidant effect.
Buescher, ES, McWilliams-Koeppen, P. Soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) receptors in human colostrum and milk bind to TNF-alpha and neutralize TNF-alpha bioactivity. Pediatric Research 44(1):37-42 (1998) . The ability of colostrum to modulate the inflammatory response is unique. One of the ways in which it does this is through TNF-a receptor proteins, which are found in colostrum. These bind to TNF-a, which inactivates the TNF-a. TNF-a is the activator of the entire inflammatory cascade, so by controlling its activity, colostrum controls the degree of the inflammatory response and can shut it off altogether.
Goldman, AS, et al. Anti-inflammatory properties of human milk. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 75(5):689-695 (1986) . The major anti-inflammatory components found in human milk (and bovine colostrum) include anti-proteases, lactoferrin, lysozyme, secretory IgA, and a number of antioxidants, including cysteine, ascorbate, alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene.
Kim, K. et al, "In Vitro and In Vivo Neutralizing Activity of Human Colostrum and Milk Against Purified Toxins A and B of Clostridium Difficle" Journal of Infectious Diseases (1984) Vol. 150 (1) 57-61 .
McConnell, M.A.; Brooks, H.J.L.; Borissenko, M.B.; Buchan, G. A comparative study of immunoglobulin feels and anti-inflammatory activity in four milk products. Journal of Dairy Science. Publication forthcoming.
Murphey, DK, Buescher, ES. Human colostrum has anti-inflammatory activity in a rat subcutaneous air pouch model of inflammation. Pediatric Research 34(2):208-212 (1993) . In an experimental animal model using subcutaneous air pouches in rats, colostrum showed significant anti-inflammatory activity.
Playford, RJ, et al. Bovine colostrum is a health food supplement which prevents NSAID induced gut damage. Gut 44:653-658 (1999) . Although non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are very effective in controlling joint pain in arthritis, their use also causes significant, and sometimes fatal, gastrointestinal damage. Supplementation with colostrum, however, significantly reduced and healed injury caused by NSAIDs.
Playford, RJ, et al. Co-administration of the health food supplement, bovine colostrum, reduces the acute non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced increase in intestinal permeability. Clinical Science 100:627-633 (2001) . Another study by Dr. Playford on the ability of colostrum to prevent damage due to NSAID use. This study showed that colostrum also prevents an increase in gastrointestinal permeability due to NSAID use, whereas NSAID use alone without colostrum causes an increase in permeability.
Wada, N., et al, "Neutralizing Activity Against Clostridium Difficile Toxins in the Supernatant of Cultured Colostral Cells" Infectious Immunology (1980) Vol. 29, 545-550 .
"Glycoproteins in bovine colostrum inhibit the attachment of the Helicobacter pylori bacteria that cause stomach ulcers. Colostrum contains significant amounts of interleukin-10, a strong inflammation inhibitory agent found significant in reducing inflammation in arthritic joints and injury areas," wrote Dr. Olle Hernell, from the University of Ulmea, Sweden, in Science magazine.
For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Anti-inflammatory
Ahmed, L, Islam, SN, Khan, MN, Huque, S, Ahsan, M. (2004) Antioxidant micronutrient profile (vitamin E, C, A, copper, zinc, iron) of colostrum: association with maternal characteristics. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 50(6):357-8 . Maternal characteristics had no influence on the profile of nutrient profile of antioxidants in colostrum.
Boldogh, I, et al. Modulation of 4HNE-mediated signaling by proline-rich peptides from ovine colostrum. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience 20(2):125-134 (2003) . Colostrinin down regulates lipid peroxidation, inhibits glutathione depletion and reduces intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This is one more way that colostrum demonstrates antioxidant activity.
Borissenko, M. Glutathione: A powerful anti-oxidant found in colostrum. NZMP August 2002. Both glutathione and its chemical predecessors are present in large quantities in colostrum. As glutathione is not absorbed directly, glutathione production in the body can only be accomplished by supplementation with its antecedents, cystine, glycine and glutamic acid, all of which are abundant in colostrum.
Buescher, ES, McIlheran, SM. Antioxidant properties of human colostrum. Pediatric Research 24(1):14-19 (1988) . Colostrum reduces ferricytochrome C in polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) and also disrupts other metabolic and enzymatic activities of PMNs which are crucial in PMN respiratory burst mediation of acute inflammation, showing that colostrum is a powerful antioxidant.
Buescher, ES, McIlheran, SM. Colostral antioxidants: separation and characterization of two activities in human colostrum. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 14(1):47-56 (1992) . Colostrum interferes with the production of PMN respiratory burst products in two ways, ascorbate and uric acid.
Kurz, DJ, et al. Chronic oxidative stress compromises telomere integrity and accelerates the onset of senescence in human endothelial cells. Journal of Cell Science 117:2417-2426 (2004) . Oxidative stress due to the buildup of oxidization by-products has been linked to the onset of cell senescence in blood vessel lining cells by disrupting telomere integrity. Telomeres are the "tails" of the chromosomes, the length of which determine the number of cell divisions a cell can undergo before reaching its limit. Glutathione, a powerful natural antioxidant, is crucial in maintaining telomere integrity.
Satue-Gracia, MT, et al. Lactoferrin in infant formulas: effect on oxidation. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 48(10):4984-4990 (2000) . Commercially modified infant formulas based on cow's milk have significantly less lactoferrin than whole milk, and soy formulas contain none, even though lactoferrin acts as an iron transporter protein. Adding lactoferrin to infant formulas results in the dual benefit of increased iron absorption and acts as an antioxidant and antimicrobial to extend the shelf life of the formulas.
Shigenaga, MK, et al. Oxidative damage and mitochondrial decay in aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 91(23):10771-10778 (1994) . The major source of oxidative damage are oxidants generated by mitochondria in the cells of the body. Mitochondrial function declines with age, including decreased membrane fluidity, proton leakage across the inner mitochondrial membrane, and decreases levels of cardiolipin, an important lipid which supports the functioning of proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Wakabayashi, H, et al. Inhibition of iron/ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation by an N-terminal peptide of bovine lactoferrin and its acylated derivatives. Bioscience, Biotechnology, Biochemistry 63(5):955-957 (1999) . Lactoferrin also plays an important antioxidant role in colostrum by preventing lipid peroxidation.
For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Anti-oxidants
Antonio, J, et al. The effects of bovine colostrum supplementation on body composition and exercise performance in active men and women. Nutrition 17(3):243-247 (2001) . Actively training male and female athletes were given colostrum supplementation or placebo for a period of 8 weeks. Subjects receiving colostrum but not placebo showed an increase in lean body mass.
Berk, LS, et al. The effect of long endurance running on natural killer cells in marathoners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 22(2):207-212 (1990) . A significant decrease in natural killer cell populations were seen in marathon runners following three hours of maximal exercise with full recovery of pre-exercise levels by 21 hours. This correlated with increases in cortisol levels during exercise.
Bricker, D.S. Colostrum: implications for accelerated recovery in damaged muscle and cartilage,prevention of some pathogenic disease. The American Chiropractor.pp. 4&5, November 1991 .
Brinkworth, GD, et al. Effect of bovine colostrum supplementation on the composition of resistance trained and untrained limbs in healthy young men. European Journal of Applied Physiology 9(11):53-60 (2004) . Either bovine colostrum or whey protein were given to young men who were either in training or not in training. Those in the training group who received colostrum showed a significantly greater increase in both upper arm circumference and cross-sectional area compared to those receiving whey, while those who were not in training showed no change.
Buckley, JD, et al. Effect of bovine colostrum on anaerobic exercise performance and plasma insulin-like growth factor I. Journal of Sports Science 21(7):577-588 (2003) . Athletes in training were given either bovine colostrum or placebo for 8 weeks. Those receiving colostrum showed a significant increase in peak anaerobic power over placebo.
Buckley, J., et al. "Oral supplementation with bovine colostrum increases vertical jump performance." Presented at 4th Annual Congress of the European College of Sports Science, Rome 14-17 July, 1999.
Burke, ER. Colostrum as an Athletic Enhancer and Help for AIDS. Nutrition Science News May, 1996 . While leaky gut is of concern to everyone, it is particularly so for athletes who need to utilize all the nutrients they take in and prevent infection when their immune systems are impaired following exercise. Many athletes suffer irritable bowel syndrome as a result of incomplete digestion of protein supplements. The role of colostrum-derived insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-ß) in healing leaky gut are explored.
Butler AA, Yakar S, Gewolb IH, Karas M, Okubo Y, LeRoith D, Diabetes Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD, Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signal transduction: at the interface between physiology and cell biology.Page 3, Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1998 Sep; 121(1):19-26 .
Clark J. (1996) Uses of creatine phosphate and creatine supplementation for the athlete. Scientific and Clinical Perspective (1996) .
Crooks, C, et al. Bovine colostrum supplementation increases levels of s-IGA in distance runners: a study based on athletes in training for the 2002 Rotorua marathon. Unpublished research. Marathon runners in training were given bovine colostrum or placebo for 12 weeks in a double blind study. Those in the colostrum group showed significantly more secretory IgA (s-IgA) in their saliva than either the placebo group or sedentary controls. The colostrum group also reported a significantly lower rate of upper respiratory infections (URI) during this period.
Coombes JS, Conacher M, Austen SK, Marshall PA. "Dose effects of oral bovine colostrum on physical work capacity in cyclists."Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002 Jul;34(7):1184-8 . Related Articles, Links, Dose effects of oral bovine colostrum on physical work capacity in cyclists. School of Human Movement Studies, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.
Liu JL, LeRoith D, Clinical Endocrinology Branch, NIDDKD, NIH, Bethesda, MD, Insulin-like growth factor I is essential for post-natal growth in response to growth hormone. Endocrinology 1999 Nov; 140(11):5178-84 .
Hwa V, Oh Y, Rosenfeld RG, Dept. of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, The insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) superfamily. Endocr Rev 1999 Dec; 20(6):761-87 .
Hofman, Z, et al. The effect of bovine colostrum supplementation on exercise performance in elite field hockey players. International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 12(4):461-469 (2002) . Colostrum supplementation in elite field hockey players, both male and female, resulted in improved sprint performance over placebo.
Kasemkijwattana, C, et al. Use of growth factors to improve muscle healing after strain injury. Clinical Orthopedics 370:272-285 (2000) . Muscle injuries, such as strains, are common in athletes. The use of growth factors, such as IGF-1, in treating such injuries is explored.
Kuipers, H, et al. Effects of oral bovine colostrum supplementation on serum insulin-like growth factor-I levels. Nutrition 18(7-8):165-172 (2002) . A study for the International Olympic Committee showed no increase in blood IGF-1 or IGF-bp3 levels after 4 weeks time.
Liang, L, et al. [Effect of cytokines on repair of tendon injury] Zhongguo Xiufu Chongjian Waike Zazhi (Chinese) 14(5):283-285 (2000) . Cytokines, such as the growth factors, can accelerate tendon repair.
Mero, A, et al. IGF-I, IgA, and IgG responses to bovine colostrum supplementation during training. Journal of Applied Physiology 93(2):732-739 (2002) . Colostrum supplementation increases levels of IGF-1 and IgA in training athletes, but the IGF-1 in the colostrum is not absorbed intact.
Nieman, DC, et al. Complement and immunoglobulin levels in athletes and sedentary controls. International Journal of Sports Medicine 10(2):124-128 (1989) . Blood levels of complements C3 and C4 but not immunoglobulins decreased during periods of rest, graded maximal exercise and recovery in marathon runners.
Nieman, DC, et al. Effects of long-endurance running on immune system parameters and lymphocyte function in experienced marathoners. International Journal of Sports Medicine 10(5):317-323 (1989) . Marathon runners experience a disruption of normal immune function after running long distances, a condition which returns to normal levels following 21 hours of recovery.
Molloy, T, et al. The roles of growth factors in tendon and ligament healing. Sports Medicine 33(5):381-394 (2003) . The roles of five different growth factors, IGF-1, TGF-ß, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), in healing tendon and ligament injuries is explored. Each plays a different but vital role in the process.
Mero A, et al. (1997) Effects of bovine colostrum supplementation on serum IGF-1, IgG, hormone, and saliva IgA during training. Journal of Applied Physiology. 83:1144-1151 .
Sato, K, et al. Improvement of muscle healing through enhancement of muscle regeneration and prevention of fibrosis. Muscle & Nerve 28(3):355-372 (2003) . IGF-1 can improve muscle regeneration in injured muscle.
Spagnoli A, Rosenfeld RG, Dept. of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, The mechanisms by which growth hormone brings about growth. The relative contributions of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factors. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1996 Sep; (3):615-31 .
Sparling PB, Nieman DC, O'Connor PJ. (1993) Selected scientific aspects of marathon racing: an update on fluid replacement, immune function, psychological factors and the gender difference. Sports Medicine. 15:116-132 .
Sparling, PB, et al. Selected scientific aspects of marathon racing. An update on fluid replacement, immune function, psychological factors and the gender difference. Sports Medicine 15(2):116-132 (1993) . Negative changes to the immune system during long distance running increase the chances of upper respiratory infections in these athletes for a period following exercise. Proper nutrition, adequate rest and appropriate recover between workouts as well as other measures can lessen the risk.
Wu, A.H. & Perryman, M.B. "Clinical applications of muscle enzymes and proteins." Curr Opin Rheumatol, 1992;4(6):815-820 .
Zimecki, M, et al. Effect of a proline-rich polypeptide (PRP) on the development of hemolytic anemia and survival of New Zealand black (NZB) mice. Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis 39(5-6):461-467 (1991) . Colostrinin (PRP) increased survival in mice susceptible to hemolytic anemia, an autoimmune disease. It is hypothesized the colostrinin induces suppressor cells which slow development of the disease. This suggests that colostrinin may have therapeutic value in treating autoimmune diseases.
For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Althetic Performance
Bitzan, M.M.; Gold, B.D.; Philpott, D.J.; Huesca, M.; Sherman, P.M.; Karch, H.; Lissner, R.; Lingwood, C.A.; Karmali, M.A.; Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobactor mustelae binding to lipid receptors by bovine colostrum. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 177:955-961, April 1998 .
Bitzan, MM, et al. Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae binding to lipid receptors by bovine colostrum. Journal of Infectious Disease 177(4):955-961 (1998) . H. pylori and H. mustelae (a gastric pathogen of ferrets) are both bound by lipid receptors (phosphatidylethanolamine, gangliotetraosylceramide and gangliotriaosyl-ceramide) in the gut, allowing them to carry out their pathogenic activities. Bovine colostrum, however, was shown to prevent binding of the pathogens to these lipid receptors even though there was no detectable anti-H. pylori antibody activity in the colostrum.
Bolke E, Jehle PM, Hausmann F, Daubler A, Wiedeck H, Steinbach G, Storck M, Orth K., Shock. 2002 Jan;17(1):9-12 . Related Articles, Links, Preoperative oral application of immunoglobulin-enriched colostrum milk and mediator response during abdominal surgery. Department of Surgery, University of Ulm, Germany.
Butler, J. E. Immunoglobulins of the Mammary Secretions. Chapter Five. in: Lactation: A Comprehensive Treatise. Vol. 3. Eds. B. L. Larson and V. R. Smith. pp. 217-252. Academic Press. New York. 1974.
Casswall, TH, et al. Bovine anti-Helicobacter pylori antibodies for oral immunotherapy. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 37(12):1380-1385 (2002) . Bovine colostrum with high titers against H. pylori was given to H. pylori infected mice. Comparison of treated mice with control mice showed a 50-66% cure rate for H. pylori infection in treated mice. Binding studies also showed that the colostrum prevented binding of the H. pylori.
Christopher-Hennings, J., et al., lmmunocompromise in gnotobiotic pigs induced by verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (Olll:NM). Infect. Immun. 1993. 61: p. 2304-2308 .
da Costa, RS, et al. Characterization of iron, copper and zinc levels in the colostrum of mothers of term and pre-term infants before and after pasteurization. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition 54(2):111-117 (2003) . Milk samples were collected from mothers from day 1 to day 7 postpartum. Milk that was pasteurized showed some diminution of zinc, copper and iron levels, but not to a significant degree. Sufficient levels remained in the pasteurized milk to supply the needs of the new-born infants.
Doyle, P. S. Anti-Cryptosporiduim antibodies inhibit infectivity in vitro and in 9 vivo. Infection and Immunity 61(10):4079-4084. Oct. 1993 .
Ellison, RT III, Giehl, TJ. Killing of gram-negative bacteria by lactoferrin and lysozyme. Journal of Clinical Investigation 88(4):1080-1091 (1991) . Lactoferrin and lysozyme act together to kill gram-negative bacteria, such as Vibrio cholerae (cholera), Salmonella typhimurium (food poisoning) and Eschericia coli. The lactoferrin attaches to and destroys the cell wall of the bacteria, allowing the lysozyme to enter and lyse (burst) the organisms.
Fayer R, Perryman LE, Riggs MW.J Parasitol. 1989 Feb;75(1):151-3 . Related Articles, Links, Hyperimmune bovine colostrum neutralizes Cryptosporidium sporozoites and protects mice against oocyst challenge. Zoonotic Diseases Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705.
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For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Immune Factors
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Akisu, C, et al. Effect of human milk and colostrum on Entamoeba histolyica. World Journal of Gastroenterology 10(5):741-742 (2004) . Colostrum was found to provide protection against Entamoeba histolyica, the cause of amoebiasis, a serious, chronic illness characterized by dysentery, gastrointestinal ulceration and abscess formation and intestinal blockage in infants particularly.
Armogida, SA, Yannaras, NM, Melton, AL, Srivastava, MD. (2004). Identification and quantification of innate immune system mediators in human breast milk. Allergy and Asthma Proceedings 25(5):297-304 . Mediators of the innate immune system were determined in human colostrum. Human neutrophil-derived a-defensin 1 (HNP-1) and human beta-defensin 2 (HBD-2) were present in high amounts, human alpha-defensin 6 (HD-6) was present in moderate amounts, and HD-5 and HBD-1 were present in the lowest concentrations. HNP-1, HD-5 and HD-6 were present in significantly higher amounts in colostrum than in mature milk. It is believed that the innate immune system provides protection for both maternal breast tissue and the developing digestive system of newborns.
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Cesarone, MR, Belcaro, G, Di Renzo, A, Dugall, M, Cacchio, M, Ruffini, I, Pellegrini, L, Del Boccio, G, Fano, F, Ledda, A, Bottari, A, Ricci, A, Stuard, S, Vinciguerra, G. (2007) Prevention of influenza episodes with colostrum compared with vaccination in healthy and high-risk cardiovascular subjects: the epidemiologic study in San Valentino. Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis 13(2):13-6 . Two month supplementation with oral colostrum was compared to anti-influenza vaccination in the prevention of flu. Colostrum was at least three times more effective than vaccination in preventing flu.
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Siemion, IZ, Folkers, G, Szewczuk, Z, Jankowski, A, Kubik, A, Voelter, W. Peptides related to the active fragment of "proline rich polypeptide", an immunoregulatory protein of the ovine colostrum. Spectroscopic and computer modeling studies. International Journal of Protein and Peptide Research 36(6):506-514 (1990) .
Steven J. Bock, MD, PRPS and It's Clinical Applications. International Journal of Integrative Medicine.
Solomons, N. W., Modulation of the immune system and the response against pathogens with bovine colostrum concentrates. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56(Suppl.3):S24-S28 (2002) .
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Solomons NW. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002 Aug;56 Suppl 3:S24-8 . Related Articles, Links, Modulation of the immune system and the response against pathogens with bovine colostrum concentrates. Center for Studies of Sensory Impairment, Aging and Metabolism, (CeSSIAM), Guatemala City, Guatemala .
Sabin, A. & Fieldsteel, A.H. "Antipoliomyelitic activity of human and bovine colostrum and milk." Pediatrics, 1962:105-115.
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Sabin, AB. Anti-poliomyelitic substance in milk from human beings and certain cows. Journal of Diseases of Children 80:866-870 (1950) . Seminal study by Dr. Albert Sabin, inventor of the oral polio vaccine, in which he discovered antibodies against the polio virus in colostrum.
Solomons, NW. Modulation of the immune system and the response against pathogens with bovine colostrum concentrates. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56(Suppl.3):524-528 (2002) . The ability of colostrum to protect infants against pathogens, specifically those which cause gastroenteritis and severe diarrhea, makes it an ideal, cheap, safe and effective means of protecting children in those parts of the world where medical assistance is lacking or substandard and could save thousands of lives each year.
Stephan, W, et al. Antibodies from colostrum in oral immunotherapy. Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry 28:19-23 (1990) . An immunoglobulin preparation from pooled bovine colostrum was found to be very effective in treating severe diarrhea, such as often found in AIDS patients.
Sirota, L, et al. Effect of human colostrum on interleukin-2 production and natural killer cell activity. Archive of Diseases in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition 72(3):F99-102 (1995) . Colostrum stimulates or inhibits the production of IL-2 depending on its concentration. It also inhibits the activity of natural killer cells, but the production of IL-2 reverses this effect. This is thought to be another way that colostrum modulates the immune system response.
Staroscik, K, Janusz, M, Zimecki, M, Wieczorek, Z, Lisowski, J. Immunologically active nonapeptide fragment of a proline-rich polypeptide from ovine colostrum: amino acid sequence and immunoregulatory properties. Molecular Immunology 20(12):1277-1282 (1983) .
van Hooijdonk, AC, Kussendrager, KD, Steijns, JM. In vivo antimicrobial and antiviral activity of components in bovine milk and colostrum involved in non-specific defense. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1):S127-S134 (2000) . Lactoferrin and lactoperoxidase, both present in colostrum in large amounts, provide non-specific defense against a broad spectrum of pathogens, including bacteria and viruses. This is significant both for the protection of commercially important animals as well as humans.
Wieczorek, Z, Zimecki, M, Spiegel, K, Lisowski, J, Janusz, M. Differentiation of T cells into helper cells from immature precursors: identification of a target cell for a proline-rich polypeptide (PRP). Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis (Warszava) 37(3-4):313-322 (1989) .
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For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Immune System
Akisu, C, et al. Effect of human milk and colostrum on Entamoeba histolyica. World Journal of Gastroenterology 10(5):741-742 (2004) . Colostrum was found to provide protection against Entamoeba histolyica, the cause of amoebiasis, a serious, chronic illness characterized by dysentery, gastrointestinal ulceration and abscess formation and intestinal blockage in infants particularly.
Abirl, A. B., Antipoliomyelitic substance in milk from human beings and certain cows. T. Dis. Children. 1950. 80: p.866-870.
Bessler, H., et al. Human colostrum stimulates cytokine production. Biology of the Neonate 69(6):376-382 (1996) . Colostrum has also been shown to stimulate the production of certain cytokines, IL-1, IL-3 and IL-6, in peripheral white blood cells (monocytes).
Bitzan MM, Gold BD, Philpott DJ, Huesca M, Sherman PM, Karch H, Lissner R, Lingwood CA, Karmali MA. J Infect Dis. 1998 Apr;177(4):955-61. Related Articles, Links, Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae binding to lipid receptors by bovine colostrum. Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Buescher, ES, McWilliams-Koeppen, P. Soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) receptors in human colostrum and milk bind to TNF-alpha and neutralize TNF-alpha bioactivity. Pediatric Research 44(1):37-42 (1998) . The ability of colostrum to modulate the inflammatory response is unique. One of the ways in which it does this is through TNF-a receptor proteins, which are found in colostrum. These bind to TNF-a, which inactivates the TNF-a. TNF-a is the activator of the entire inflammatory cascade, so by controlling its activity, colostrum controls the degree of the inflammatory response and can shut it off altogether.
Buescher, ES, McIlheran, SM. Antioxidant properties of human colostrum. Pediatric Research 24(1):14-19 (1988) . Colostrum reduces ferricytochrome C in polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) and also disrupts other metabolic and enzymatic activities of PMNs which are crucial in PMN respiratory burst mediation of acute inflammation, showing that colostrum is a powerful antioxidant.
Buescher, ES, McIlheran, SM. Colostral antioxidants: separation and characterization of two activities in human colostrum. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 14(1):47-56 (1992) . Colostrum interferes with the production of PMN respiratory burst products in two ways, ascorbate and uric acid.
Blum J, Hadorn U, Sallmann H, and Schuep W. (1997) Delaying colostrum intake by one day impairs plasma lipid, essential fatty acid, carotene, retinal and a-tocopherol status in neonatal calves. American Society for Nutritional Sciences (1997).
Blättler, U, et al. Feeding colostrum, its composition and feeding duration variably modify proliferation and morphology of the intestine and digestive enzyme activities of neonatal calves. Journal of Nutrition 131(4):1256-1263 (2001) . A similar study done on calves either receiving or not receiving colostrum. This study concentrated on the development and health of the gastrointestinal epithelium and found that the development and health of this epithelium was markedly superior in those receiving colostrum. Colostrum also influenced the production of lipase enzyme by the pancreas.
Brüssow, H., et al. Bovine milk immunoglobulins for passive immunity to infantile rotavirus gastroenteritis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 25(6):982-986 (1987) . Protection against rotavirus, a dangerous pathogen which can cause serious, even fatal diarrhea in infants, can be passed orally through milk or colostrum safely and effectively.
Boesman-Finkelstein M, Finkelstein RA. Lancet. 1989 Dec 2;2(8675):1336 . Related Articles, Links, Comment on: Lancet. 1989 Sep 23;2(8665):709-12 . Passive oral immunisation of children.
Burrin D, Davis T, Ebner S, Schoknecht P, Fiorotto M, Reeds P. (1997) Colostrum enhances the nutritional stimulation of vital organ protein synthesis in neonatal pigs. American Society for Nutritional Sciences.127(7):1284-9.
Burrin DG, Shulman RJ, Reeds PJ, Davis TA, Gravitt KR. (1992) Porcine colostrum and milk stimulate visceral organ and skeletal muscle protein synthesis in neonatal piglets. Journal of Nutrition. 122:1205-1213.
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Casswall TH, Sarker SA, Albert MJ, Fuchs GJ, Bergstrom M, Bjorck L, Hammarstrom L., Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1998 Jun;12(6):563-8 . Related Articles, Links, Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in infants in rural Bangladesh with oral immunoglobulins from hyperimmune bovine colostrum. Department of Clinical Sciences, Huddinge Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Sweden.
Carver, JD, Barness, LA. Trophic factors for the gastrointestinal tract. Clinical Perinatology 23(2):265-285 (1996) . Factors in colostrum which promote the development of the GI tract in newborn infants also help protect against such diseases as Crohn's disease, colitis, necrotizing enterocolitis and diarrhea.
Davidson G, Whyte P, Daniels E, et al. (1989) Passive immunization of children with bovine colostrum containing antibodies to human rotavirus. Lancet. 2(8665):709-12.
Ebina, T, et al. Passive immunizations of suckling mice and infants with bovine colostrum containing antibodies to human rotavirus. Journal of Medical Virology 38:117-123 (1992) . Another study that confirmed that oral immunization via colostrum or milk against rotavirus was possible, safe and effective.
Edde, L, et al. Lactoferrin protects neonatal rats from gut-related systemic infection. American Journal of Physiology: Gastrointestinal Liver Physiology 281:G1140-G1150 (2001) . Lactoferrin protected neonatal rats from E. coli infection in the intestines. Lactoferrin plus lysozyme was bactericidal against the E. coli.
Ghidini A, Hicks C, Lapinski RH, Lockwood CJ. (1997) Morbidity in the preterm infant with mature lung indicies. American Journal of Perinatology. 14:75-78.
Heaton P. (1990) Cryptosporidiosis and acute leukemia. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 65:813-814.
Heaton P. Bovine colostrum immunoglobulin concentrate for cryptosporidiosis in AIDS. Arch Dis Child. 1994 Apr;70(4):356-7 . Related Articles, Links.
Heemskerk VH, van Heurn LW, Farla P, Buurman WA, Piersma F, ter Riet G, Heineman E., J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2002 Jan;34(1):47-51 . Related Articles, Links, Effect of IGF-rich colostrum on bowel adaptation in neonatal piglets with short bowel syndrome. Department of Surgery, the University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Heemskerk VH, van Heurn LW, Farla P, Buurman WA, Piersma F, ter Riet G, Heineman E., J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2002 Jan;34(1):47-51 . Related Articles, Links, Effect of IGF-rich colostrum on bowel adaptation in neonatal piglets with short bowel syndrome. Department of Surgery, the University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Hilpert H, Brussow H, Mietens C, Sidoti J, Lerner L, Werchau H. (1987) Use of bovine milk concentrate containing antibody to rotavirus to treat rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 156:158-166.
Ho, PC, Lawton, JWM. Human colostral cells: Phagocytosis and killing of E. Coli and C. Albicans. Journal of Pediatrics 93(6):910-915 (1978) . Cells found in colostrum are able to ingest and kill both E. coli and Candida.
Huppertz HI, Rutkowski S, Busch DH, Eisebit R, Lissner R, Karch H., J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1999 Oct;29(4):452-6 . Related Articles, Links, Bovine colostrum ameliorates diarrhea in infection with diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, shiga toxin-producing E. Coli, and E. coli expressing intimin and hemolysin. Children's Hospital, The University of Wurzburg, Germany.
Hwa V, Oh Y, Rosenfeld RG, Dept. of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, The insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) superfamily. Endocr Rev 1999 Dec; 20(6):761-87.
Jennifer S. Read and Committee on Pediatric AIDS , AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS: Human Milk, Breastfeeding, and Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in the United States. Pediatrics, Nov 2003; 112: 1196 - 1205.
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Mack DK.R.; et al. Correlation of intestinal lactulose permeability with exocrine pancreatic dysfunction. Journal of Pediatrics. 120:696-701 (1992) .
Murphey, DK, Buescher, ES. Human colostrum has anti-inflammatory activity in a rat subcutaneous air pouch model of inflammation. Pediatric Research 34(2):208-212 (1993) . In an experimental animal model using subcutaneous air pouches in rats, colostrum showed significant anti-inflammatory activity.
McClead, R. et. al, Pediatrics Research, 1979;13(4): 464. Pineiro, A., et al. "Trypsin inhibitor from cow colostrum., Isolation, electrophoretic characterization and immunologic properties." Biochem Biophys Acta (Amsterdam), 1975;379(1): 201-206.
McClead, R., et al., Resistance of bovine anti-cholera toxin IgG to in vitro and in vivo proteolysis. Pedia. Res. 1982.6: p. 227-231.
McClead RE Jr, Butler T, Rabbani GH. Am J Med. 1988 Dec;85(6):811-6 . Related Articles, Links, Orally administered bovine colostral anti-cholera toxin antibodies: results of two clinical trials. Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University 43205.
Ogra, PL, et al. Colostrum derived immunity and maternal neonatal interaction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 409: 82-92 (1983) . Peyer's patches are found throughout the intestinal tract, and groups of similar immunoactive cells are found in the bronchial mucosa. Both the intestinal and bronchial immunoactive cell groups respond to allergens, antigens and pathogens by neutralizing or destroying them. In newborns, these special cell groups are not immediately operative but protection is provided by a variety of immune factors from the mother's colostrum. Antibodies found in colostrum protect against Eschericia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholera, Bacteriodes fragilis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bordtella pertussis, Clostridium diphtheria, Clostridium tetani, Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans.
Oda S, Satoh H, Sugawara T, et al. (1989) Insulin-like growth factor-I, GH, insulin and glucagon concentrations in bovine colostrum and in plasma of dairy cows and neonatal calves around parturition. Comp. Biochemical Physiology. 94A:805-808.
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Qiu, J, et al. Human milk lactoferrin inactivates two putative colonization factors expressed by Haemophilus influenzae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 95:12641-12646 (1998) . Lactoferrin prevents colonization of Haemophilus influenzae, the primary cause of otitis media and other respiratory infections in children, by inactivating two colonization factors expressed by the bacteria.
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Sirota, L, et al. Effect of human colostrum on interleukin-2 production and natural killer cell activity. Archive of Diseases in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition 72(3):F99-102 (1995) . Colostrum stimulates or inhibits the production of IL-2 depending on its concentration. It also inhibits the activity of natural killer cells, but the production of IL-2 reverses this effect. This is thought to be another way that colostrum modulates the immune system response.
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Sarker SA, Casswall TH, Mahalanabis D, Alam NH, Albert MJ, Brussow H, Fuchs GJ, Hammerstrom L.Successful treatment of rotavirus diarrhea in children with immunoglobulin from immunized bovine colostrum. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998 Dec;17(12):1149-54.
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Solomons, NW. Modulation of the immune system and the response against pathogens with bovine colostrum concentrates. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56(Suppl.3):524-528 (2002) . The ability of colostrum to protect infants against pathogens, specifically those which cause gastroenteritis and severe diarrhea, makes it an ideal, cheap, safe and effective means of protecting children in those parts of the world where medical assistance is lacking or substandard and could save thousands of lives each year.
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"Colostrum contains non-specific inhibitors that inhibit a wide range of respiratory illness, notably influenza viruses. Colostrum is specifically cited for its unique effectiveness against potentially deadly outbreaks of Asian flu viruses that emerge from animal/human mutations." This was published by Dr. Shortridge, et al, in the Journal of Tropical Pediatrics .
For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Infant Health
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Mitra, A.K.; Mahalambis, D.; Ashraf, H.; Unicomb, L.; Esckls, R.; Tzipori, S. Hyperimmune cow colostrum reduces diarrhea due to rot: a double-blind study, controlled clinical trial. Acta Paediatr. 84:996-1001, 1995 .
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Moller, W, et al. Use of bovine colostral milk as a preparation for the protection of the liver. US Patent #5,710,132 (1998) . Whole bovine colostrum or an immunoglobulin preparation from colostrum are used to protect the liver from bacterial, viral or protozoan diseases, such as E. coli, rotavirus or cryptosporidia infection, as well as detoxify the liver by removing toxic protein metabolites such as ammonia. It can also be used to treat the effects of various liver diseases, such as liver inflammation, viral hepatitis, fibrosis of the liver, cirrhosis of the liver, fatty liver, and so forth. These effects include disturbances of the liver's detoxification, excretory, conjugational and synthesizing functions, portal hypertension due to liver disease, and even coma due to liver failure. Supplementation can also be used to relieve stress on the liver due to liver insufficiency as a result of liver parenchyma damage or viral hepatitis, allowing the liver to heal and recover function.
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Pluske, JR, Morel, PCH. Increasing weaner pig productivity in New Zealand pig herds. Factors associated with grower herd performance in three New Zealand pig farms (1999) . Piglets fed a liquid supplement with colostrum powder had a marked increase in villi height in the lumen of the small intestine, indicating greater digestion and absorption of nutrients. There were also an increased number of immune cells in the villi, indicating enhanced immune competency.
Roos N, Mahe S, Benamouzig R, Sick H, Rautureau J, Tome D.,J Nutr. 1995 May;125(5):1238-44 . Related Articles, Links, 15N-labeled immunoglobulins from bovine colostrum are partially resistant to digestion in human intestine. Institut fur Physiologie und Biochemie der Ernahrung, Kiel, Germany.
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Rooney PJ, Jenkins RT, Buchanan WW. (1990). A short review of the relationship between intestinal permeability and inflammatory joint disease. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology. 8:75-83 .
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Vaarla, O. The gut immune system and type 1 diabetes. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 958:39-46 (2002) . There is increasing evidence that the gut immune system is important in the development of type 1 (autoimmune) diabetes. One of the causes of type diabetes in children may be too early introduction of cow's milk to the diet in infants, which causes an autoimmune response to insulin.
Van der Hulst R, Van Kreel B, Meyenfeldt M, et al. (1993) Glutamine and the preservation of gut integrity. Lancet 341:1363-1365 .
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Warny M, Fatimi A, Bostwick EF, Laine DC, Lebel F, LaMont JT, Pothoulakis C, Kelly CP. Gut. 1999 Feb;44(2):212-7 . Related Articles, Links, Bovine immunoglobulin concentrate-clostridium difficile retains C difficile toxin neutralising activity after passage through the human stomach and small intestine. Gastroenterology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Digestive Health
Abe H, Saito H, Miyakawa H, et al. (1991) Heat stability of bovine lactoferrin at acidic pH. Journal of Dairy Science. 74:65-71 .
Andersson, Y, et al. Lactoferrin is responsible for the fungistatic effect of human milk. Early Human Development 59:95-105 (2000) . Lactoferrin, through its iron-binding ability, is very effective against fungal infections with Candida and other fungi.
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Drobni, P, Naslund, J, Evander, M. (2004). Lactoferrin inhibits human papillomavirus binding and uptake in vitro. Antiviral Research 64(1):63-8 . Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes genital warts and is a prerequisite for cervical cancer. Lactoferrin blocked entry of the virus into cells in vitro, most likely by competing for binding sites. Bovine lactoferrin was a more potent inhibitor of the virus than human lactoferrin.
Edde, L, et al. Lactoferrin protects neonatal rats from gut-related systemic infection. American Journal of Physiology: Gastrointestinal Liver Physiology 281:G1140-G1150 (2001) . Lactoferrin protected neonatal rats from E. coli infection in the intestines. Lactoferrin plus lysozyme was bactericidal against the E. coli.
Fujita, K, et al. Down-regulation of 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx)-induced CYP1A2 expression is associated with bovine lactoferrin inhibition of MeIQx-induced liver and colon carcinogenesis in rats. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 93(6):616-625 (2002) . The mechanism of action of bovine lactoferrin on down regulating the expression of carcinogenic agents is explored.
Gahr, M, et al. Influence of lactoferrin on the function of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 49(5):427-433 (1991) . White blood cells (polymorphonuclear leucocytes) exposed to lactoferrin from bovine colostrum exhibit increased motility and produce more superoxide (a powerful antioxidant).
Griffiths, CE, et al. Exogenous topical lactoferrin inhibits allergen-induced Langerhans cell migration and cutaneous inflammation in humans. British Journal of Dermatology 144(4):715-725 (2001) . Lactoferrin influences inflammation inhibiting Langerhans cell migration, normally controlled by TNF-a and IL-1ß, which are inhibited by lactoferrin.
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Hasegawa, K, et al. Inhibition with lactoferrin of in vitro infection with human herpes virus. Japanese Journal of Medical Science and Biology 47:73-85 (1994) . Both human and bovine lactoferrin inhibit infection with human herpes simplex virus and human cytomegalovirus in cell cultures.
Hayashida, K, Takeuchi, T, Ozaki, T, Shimizu, H, Ando, K, Miyamoto, A, Harada, E. (2004). Bovine lactoferrin has a nitric oxide-dependent hypotensive effect in rats. American Journal of Physiology – Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 286(2):R359-65 . Bovine lactoferrin has a hypotensive effect via an endothelium- dependent vasodilation that is strongly mediated by NO production.
Iigo, M, et al. Inhibitory effects of bovine lactoferrin on colon carcinoma 26 lung metastasis in mice. Clinical and Experimental Metastasis 17(1):35-40 (1999) . Lactoferrin increased levels of cytotoxic white blood cells and inhibited metastasis to the lung in experimentally induced colon cancer in mice.
Iigo, M, et al. Orally administered bovine lactoferrin induces caspase-1 and interleukin-18 in the mouse intestinal mucosa: a possible explanation for inhibition of carcinogenesis and metastasis. Cytokine 25(1):36-44 (2004) . Oral lactoferrin administration increased the production of IL-18 by intestinal epithelial cells followed by increases in caspase-1 and INF-g, which potentiate the activity of cytotoxic lymphocytes and natural killer cells in attacking cancer cells.
Ikeda M, Sugiyama K, Tanaka T, et al. (1998) Lactoferrin markedly inhibits hepatitis C virus infection in cultured human hepatocytes. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 245:549-553 .
Jenssen, H, Andersen, JH, Uhlin-Hansen, L, Gutteberg, TJ, Rekdal, O. (2004). Anti-HSV activity of lactoferricin analogues is only partly related to their affinity for heparan sulfate. Antiviral Research 61(2):101-109 . It has been shown that bovine lactoferricin (a biologically active peptide derived from lactoferrin) blocks herpes simplex virus (HSV) binding by competing for receptor (heparin sulfate) sites on target cells. However, this is apparently not the only mechanism that accounts for the anti-HSV activity of lactoferricin. Hydrophobicity, molecular size, spatial distribution of charged and lipophilic amino acids, and the ring structure of lactoferricin also seem to be important factors.
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Kuhara, T, et al. Orally administered lactoferrin exerts an antimetastatic effect and enhances production of IL-18 in the intestinal epithelium. Nutrition and Cancer 38(2):192-199 (2000) . A similar study on the protective effects of lactoferrin supplementation on protecting from lung metastasis in experimentally induced colon cancer. In addition to the increase in cytotoxic cells seen in other studies, there was also an increase in IL-18 production in the intestinal epithelium, suggesting it plays a role in mediating the inhibition of the cancers.
Kimber, I, et al. Lactoferrin: influences on Langerhans cells, epidermal cytokines, and cutaneous inflammation. Biochemistry and Cell Biology 80(1):103-107 (2002) . Apart from its modulation anti-inflammatory cytokines, lactoferrin also expresses an anti-inflammatory effect through controlling the migration of epidermal Langerhans cells. Lactoferrin inhibited the migration of these cells when the skin was exposed to an irritant, thus decreasing the inflammatory response.
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Masuda, C, et al. Chemopreventive effects of bovine lactoferrin on N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine-induced rat bladder carcinogenesis. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 91:582-588 (2000) . Bovine lactoferrin also prevented the development of bladder cancer in another experimental animal system.
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Saito H, Miyakawa H, Tamura Y, Shimamura S, Tomita M. (1991) Potent bactericidal activity of bovine lactoferrin hydrolysate produced by heat treatment at acidic pH. Journal of Dairy Science. 74:3724-3730 .
Samaranayake, YH, et al. Antifungal effects of lysozyme and lactoferrin against genetically similar, sequential Candida albicans isolates from a human immunodeficiency virus-infected Southern Chinese cohort. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 39(9):3296-3302 (2001) . Lactoferrin plus lysozyme is very effective in killing nearly all oral strains of Candida, which is of particular importance to AIDS sufferers who are often unable to fight off Candida overgrowths, such as thrush.
Shin K, Yamauchi K, Teraguchi S, et al. (1998) Antibacterial activity of bovine lactoferrin and its peptides against enterohaemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 26:407-411 .
Tinari, A, Pietrantoni, A, Ammendolia, MG, Valenti, P, Superti, F. (2005). Inhibitory activity of bovine lactoferrin against echovirus induced programmed cell death in vitro. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 25(5):433-8 . Cells infected with echovirus 6 die as a result of apoptosis (programmed cell death). Lactoferrin inhibits this effect.
Thaler C, Labarrer C, Hunt J, McIntyre J, Faulk P. (1999) Unique epitopes of lactoferrin expressed in human cytotrophoblasts involved in immunologic reactions. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 181(2):460-7 .
Viani RM, Gutteberg TJ, Lathey JL, Spector SA. (1999) Lactoferrin inhibits HIV-1 replication in vitro and exhibits synergy when combined with zidovudine. AIDS. 13:1273-4 .
Tsuda, H, et al. Prevention of colon carcinogenesis and carcinoma metastasis by orally administered bovine lactoferrin in animals. BioFactors 12:83-88 (2000). In an experimental animal study, supplementation with bovine lactoferrin showed significant protection from development of cancerous tumors in the colon as well as protection against lung metastasis. Administration of the lactoferrin was accompanied by marked increases in cytotoxic white blood cells in the blood.
Tanaka, T, et al. Chemopreventive effect of bovine lactoferrin on 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide-induced tongue carcinogenesis in male F344 rats. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 91(1):25-33 (2000) . The same effect of lactoferrin was found in an experimental tongue cancer system.
Ushida, Y, et al. Possible chemopreventive effects of bovine lactoferrin on esophagus and lung carcinogenesis in the rat. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 90:262-267 (1999) . Lactoferrin was also found to protect the esophagus and the lung from experimental cancer induction.
Tsuda, H, et al. Milk and dairy products in cancer prevention: focus on bovine lactoferrin. Mutation Research 462(2-3):227-233 (2000) . In addition to the protection provided by lactoferrin against the development of cancers, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) also plays an inhibitory role on cancer development.
Tsuda, H, et al. Cancer prevention by bovine lactoferrin and underlying mechanisms-a review of experimental and clinical studies. Biochemistry and Cell Biology 80(1):131-136 (2002) . Lactoferrin supplementation in experimental animal models of colon cancer show that it also suppresses phase I enzymes, such as cytochrome P450 1A2, by cancer cells, while enhancing the activity of phase II enzymes, such as glutathione S-transferase, both of which act to inhibit the development of these cancers. Lactoferrin also boosts local and systemic immunity, particularly the activity of cytotoxic lymphocytes and natural killer cells in the intestinal mucosa and peripheral blood, which in turn stimulates the production of IL-18 and caspase-1 in intestinal epithelial cells and possibly the appearance of interferon-gamma (INF-g) positive cells. Bovine lactoferrin was also found to have anti-hepatitis C activity. Chronic hepatitis due to infection with hepatitis C virus is a major causative factor in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Vorland L, Ulvatne H, Andersen J, et al. (1999) Antibacterial effects of lactoferricin B. Scandinavian Journal of Infected Disease. 31:179-184 .
Yamauchi K, Tomita M, Giehl TJ, Ellison RT. Antibacterial activity of lactoferrin and a pepsin-derived lactoferrin peptide fragment. Infection and Immunity. 61:719-728, (1993) .
van der Strate, BW, et al. Antiviral activities of lactoferrin. Antiviral Research 52(3):225-239 (2001) . Lactoferrin is effective against both DNA and RNA viruses, including rotavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, herpes virus and HIV, both by blocking cellular receptors and by directly binding to the viruses.
Ward, PP, et al. Lactoferrin and host defense. Biochemistry and Cell Biology 80(1):95-102 (2002) . Lactoferrin is a prominent component of the first line of defense against infection and inflammation. It accomplishes its activity through a variety of methods, most notably iron sequestration and its effect on down-regulating TNF-a, which controls the inflammatory cascade.
Zagulski T, Jarzabek Z, Zagulska A, Zimecki M. (1998) The main systemic, highly effective mechanisms generated by lactoferrin in mammals in vitro. Advances in Lactoferrin Research. 443:247-50 .
Zimecki, M, Spiegel, K, Wlaszczyk, A, Kubler, A, Kruzel, ML. (1999). Lactoferrin increases the output of neutrophil precursors and attenuates the spontaneous production of TNF-alpha and IL-6 by peripheral blood cells. Archivum Immunologiae et Therapie Experimentalis 47(2):113-118 . Lactoferrin supplementation profoundly decreased the product of TNF-alpha and IL-6 (pro-inflammatory cytokines) in blood cultures while causing a transient increase of immature neutrophils in the blood.
For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum and Lactoferrin
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Kim, JW, Jeon, WK, Yun, JW, Park, DI, Cho, YK, Sung, IK, Sohn, CI, Kim, BI, Yeom, JS, Park, HS, Kim, EJ, Shin, MS. (2005) Protective effects of bovine colostrum on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug induced intestinal damage in rats. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 14(1):103-7 . NSAIDs given to animals have much the same effect as they do in humans, namely, increased intestinal permeability, increased enteric bacteria levels, villous loss, and loss of enteric protein and albumin. Supplementation with bovine colostrum reduced the increase in intestinal permeability, the enteric bacteria overgrowth, the lose of proteins, and villous damage.
Jackson, P. G.; Lessof, M. H.; Baker, R. W. R.; Ferrett, Jean; MacDonald, D. M. "Intestinal Permeability in Patients with Eczema and Food Allergy" Lancet. 1(8233):1285-6, 1981 .
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For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Leaky Gut
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Butler, J. E. Immunoglobulins of the Mammary Secretions. Chapter Five. in: Lactation: A Comprehensive Treatise. Vol. 3. Eds. B. L. Larson and V. R. Smith. pp. 217-252. Academic Press. New York. 1974.
Butler, J.E. Immunoglobulins of the mammary secretions. Lactation: A Comprehensive Treatis. Vol. 3, Eds. B.L. Larson and V.R. Smith (New York: Academic Press, 1974), pp, 217-252).
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Chaumeil C, Liotet S, Kogbe O. (1994) Treatment of severe eye dryness and problematic eye lesions with enriched bovine colostrum lactoserum. Lacrimal Gland, Tear Film, and Dry Eye Syndromes. Adv Exp Med Biol. 350:595-9 .
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Diehl H, and May E. (1994) Cetyl Myristooleate isolated from swiss albino mice: an apparent protective agent against adjuvant arthritis in rats. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 83(3):296-9 .
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Gorczyca W, Ugorski M, Nowacki W, Lisowski J. Mol Immunol. 1986 Sep;23(9):961-4 . Related Articles, Links, Immunoglobulins of colostrum-VI. Comparative studies of cytophilic properties of bovine serum and colostral IgG.
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Goebel, A, et al. Human pooled immunoglobulin in the treatment of chronic pain syndromes. Pain Medicine 3(2):119-127 (2002) . Intravenous treatment with pooled IgG from colostrum was shown to be of benefit to patients suffering chronic pain due to fibromyalgia, spinal pain, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), peripheral neuropathic pain, and atypical odontalgia or facial pain without serious side effects. All patients had failed to respond to established pain treatment protocols.
Goebel, A, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of primary trigeminal neuralgia refractory to carbamazepine: a study protocol. BMC Neurology 3(1):1 (2003) . Patients with resistant trigeminal neuralgia, which is characterized by severe pain that is unresponsive to traditional pain management, participated in a double-blind study using intravenous immunoglobulin treatment compared to placebo. While pain management did not follow simple dose-response rules, intravenous IgG treatment did produce results ranging from full remission of pain to no effect.
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Jensen, Bernard. Colostrum: Man¹s First Food, The White Gold Discovery. Escondido:Bernard Jensen, 1993.
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Julius; Janusz; Lisowski, "A Colostral Protein (PRP) That Induces the Growth and Differentiation of Resting B Lymphocytes," J. of Immunology. 40:1366-71, 1988 .
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Slebodzinski A. (1986) Perinatal Thyroid Activity in Farm Animals and the Role of Iodocompounds in Maternal Milk. Endocrinologia Experimentalis. 20:229-246 .
Slebodzinski A. (1983) Serum thyroid hormone levels in colostrum deprived piglets and calves. Endocrinologia Experimentals. 17:263-270 .
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Vaughan E, Mollet B. (1999) Probiotics in the new millennium. Nahrung. 43:148-153 .
Vetrugno, V. (2004) Safety of milk and milk derivatives in relation to BSE: the lactoferrin example. Biometals 17(3):353-6 . Milk, colostrum and tissues of the bovine mammary gland are classified in the category of no detectable infectivity by the Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products of the European Commission and WHO. Milk and milk derivatives, such as lactoferrin and lactose, are unlikely to present any risk of infection with BSE or any other transmissible spongiform encephalopathy.
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For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Immune modulation
Borody, TJ, et al. Tunnel vision in the bowel. Center for Digestive Diseases (2001) . Review of irritable bowel syndrome, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, and its etiology, including infective agents such as Shigella and Campylobacter. Infections of the gut are difficult to treat because no antimicrobial therapy is available that is effective against Clostridia spores. Only bovine colostrum has proven clinical efficacy in eradicating intestinal pathogens, such as rotavirus, and may help control the infections seen in chronic disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome due to the number of biologically active components in colostrum. The growth factors in colostrum help heal intestinal erosions and ulcerations. It also contains anti-inflammatory factors and is nutrient rich. Colostrum may be used alone or in combination with other anti-inflammatory and/or immune substances. Future research should focus on identifying immune strategies, novel delivery systems and identification of the bioactives in colostrum.
Crohn's Disease (auto-immune condition)
De Keyser, F, et al. Gut inflammation and spondyloarthropathies. Current Rheumatology Reports 4(6):525-532 (2002) . Spondyloarthropathies (SpA) are a related group of arthritic conditions which include ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease. SpA have been correlated with gut inflammation and are immunologically related Crohn's disease. Colostrum's ability to control gut inflammation and modulate the activity of TNF-a indicate that it may be of benefit in SpA treatment.
Feldmann, M, et al. Cytokines in autoimmune disorders. International Review of Immunology 17(1-4)217-228 (1998) . Cytokines are important protein mediators of immunity, inflammation, cell proliferation, differentiation, fibrosis, and so forth, in other words, all the major biological processes which underlie autoimmune disorders. Modulating the effects of these cytokines, particularly TNF-a, can result in amelioration of the symptoms of the disorders.
Lupus (discoid and systemic)(auto-immune condition)
For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, auto-immune conditions
Cochran C, et al. (1998) Cetyl Myristoleate - A Unique Natural Compound Valuable in Arthritis Conditions. Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients .
De Keyser, F, et al. Gut inflammation and spondyloarthropathies. Current Rheumatology Reports 4(6):525-532 (2002) . Spondyloarthropathies (SpA) are a related group of arthritic conditions which include ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease. SpA have been correlated with gut inflammation and are immunologically related Crohn's disease. Colostrum's ability to control gut inflammation and modulate the activity of TNF-a indicate that it may be of benefit in SpA treatment.
Feldmann M, Brennan F, Maini R. Role of cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Annual Review of Immunology. 14:397-440, 1996 .
Grohn, P.; Anttila ,R.; Krohn, K. The effect of non-specifically acting transfer factor component on cellular immunity in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 5(3):151-157 (1976) .
Hayashida, K, Kaneko, T, Takeuchi, T, Shimizu, H, Ando, K, Harada, E. (2004). Oral administration of lactoferrin inhibits inflammation and nociception in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 66(2):149-54 . Lactoferrin is an immunomodulator and has also been found to produce micro-opioid receptor-mediated analgesia. In an rat experimental arthritis model, bovine lactoferrin suppressed the development of the arthritis and lessened the pain (as determined by hyperalgesia of the infected paw). Lactoferrin also suppressed TNF-alpha (pro-inflammatory) production and increased IL-10 (anti-inflammatory) production. Thus lactoferrin has both preventive and therapeutic effects on both the inflammation and pain associated with arthritis.
Hraba, T, Wieczorek, Z, Janusz, M, Lisowski, J, Zimecki, M. Effect of proline-rich polypeptide on experimental autoimmune response to erythrocytes. Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis (Warszava) 34(4):437-443 (1986) .
Jenkins, R. T.; et al. "Increased Intestinal Permeability in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Side Effect of Oral Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Therapy," Br. J. Rheumatology. 26(2):10-37, 1987 .
Nitsch, A, Nitsch, FP. Clinical use of bovine colostrum. Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine 13(2) (1998) . A colostrum preparation was used clinically to treat rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis with good results.
Op. cit., Fallanc, L., p. 192. Feldmann, M.; Brennan, F.; Maini, R. Role of Cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of Review in Immunology. 14:397-440, 1996 .
Lawrence, HS. Transfer factor and autoimmune disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 124(1):56-60 (1965) .
Sokal, I, Janusz, M, Miecznikowska, H, Kupryszewski, G, Lisowski, J. Effect of colostrinin, an immunomodulatory proline-rich polypeptide from ovine colostrum, on sialidase and beta-galactosidase activities in murine thymocytes. Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis (Warszava) 46(3):193-198 (1998) .
For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Rheumatoid Arthritis
Cochran C, et al. (1998) Cetyl Myristoleate - A Unique Natural Compound Valuable in Arthritis Conditions. Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients .
De Keyser, F, et al. Gut inflammation and spondyloarthropathies. Current Rheumatology Reports 4(6):525-532 (2002) . Spondyloarthropathies (SpA) are a related group of arthritic conditions which include ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease. SpA have been correlated with gut inflammation and are immunologically related Crohn's disease. Colostrum's ability to control gut inflammation and modulate the activity of TNF-a indicate that it may be of benefit in SpA treatment.
Feldmann M, Brennan F, Maini R. Role of cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Annual Review of Immunology. 14:397-440, 1996 .
Grohn, P.; Anttila ,R.; Krohn, K. The effect of non-specifically acting transfer factor component on cellular immunity in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 5(3):151-157 (1976) .
Hayashida, K, Kaneko, T, Takeuchi, T, Shimizu, H, Ando, K, Harada, E. (2004). Oral administration of lactoferrin inhibits inflammation and nociception in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 66(2):149-54 . Lactoferrin is an immunomodulator and has also been found to produce micro-opioid receptor-mediated analgesia. In an rat experimental arthritis model, bovine lactoferrin suppressed the development of the arthritis and lessened the pain (as determined by hyperalgesia of the infected paw). Lactoferrin also suppressed TNF-alpha (pro-inflammatory) production and increased IL-10 (anti-inflammatory) production. Thus lactoferrin has both preventive and therapeutic effects on both the inflammation and pain associated with arthritis.
Hraba, T, Wieczorek, Z, Janusz, M, Lisowski, J, Zimecki, M. Effect of proline-rich polypeptide on experimental autoimmune response to erythrocytes. Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis (Warszava) 34(4):437-443 (1986) .
Jenkins, R. T.; et al. "Increased Intestinal Permeability in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Side Effect of Oral Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Therapy," Br. J. Rheumatology. 26(2):10-37, 1987 .
Nitsch, A, Nitsch, FP. Clinical use of bovine colostrum. Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine 13(2) (1998) . A colostrum preparation was used clinically to treat rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis with good results.
Op. cit., Fallanc, L., p. 192. Feldmann, M.; Brennan, F.; Maini, R. Role of Cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of Review in Immunology. 14:397-440, 1996 .
Lawrence, HS. Transfer factor and autoimmune disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 124(1):56-60 (1965) .
Sokal, I, Janusz, M, Miecznikowska, H, Kupryszewski, G, Lisowski, J. Effect of colostrinin, an immunomodulatory proline-rich polypeptide from ovine colostrum, on sialidase and beta-galactosidase activities in murine thymocytes. Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis (Warszava) 46(3):193-198 (1998) .
For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Rheumatoid Arthritis
Pedersen AM, Andersen TL, Reibel J, Holmstrup P, Nauntofte B. Clin Oral Investig. 2002 Mar;6(1):11-20 . Related Articles, Links, Oral findings in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome and oral lichen planus-a preliminary study on the effects of bovine colostrum-containing oral hygiene products. Department of Oral Physiology, Anatomy, Pathology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Sjogren Syndrome
Bibel, DJ, et al. Topical sphingolipids in antisepsis and antifungal therapy. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 20(5):395-400 (1995) . The sphingolipids sphingosine and sphinganine, both of which are strongly inhibitory effects for both bacteria and fungi in the stratum corneum of the skin, were used as topical antiseptics against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, as a restorative antiseptic against expanded normal skin flora, and as therapy for Candida albicans and Tricophyton mentagrophytes infections with very good results and low toxicity.
Imokawa, G, et al. Decreased level of ceramides in stratum corneum of atopic dermatitis: an etiologic factor in atopic dry skin? Journal of Investigative Dermatitis 96(4):523-526 (1991) . The lipids found in the stratum corneum, particularly the ceramides (metabolic products of sphingomyelin), are important in maintaining the water retention and permeability barrier functions of the skin. Skin diseases marked by a breakdown in these functions, such as atopic dermatitis, are characterized by decreased levels of ceramides in the stratum corneum. Ceramide levels also decrease with age. Thus it is concluded that ceramide insufficiency is a factor in dry skin conditions.
Bibel, DJ, et al. Sphingosines: antimicrobial barriers of the skin. Acta Dermato-Venereologica 73(6):407-411 (1993) . One of the main functions of the skin is to prevent microbial infections. Skin lipids, particularly sphingosines, which are also derived from sphingomyelin, found in the stratum corneum of the skin are one of the ways the skin controls microbial survival on the skin. Sphingosines were found to have bactericidal, bacteriostatic or fungistatic effects on Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Tricophyton mentagrophytes, Tricophyton tonsurans and Epidermatophyton floccosum, common microbes found on the skin.
Wieczorek, Z., et al. "Proline-rich polypeptide from ovine colostrum: its effect on skin permeability and on the immune response." Immunology, 1979;36(4):875-881 .
For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Skin Health
Butler, J.E. "Immunoglobulins of the Mammary Secretions" Lactation: A Comprehensive Treatise, Eds. B.L. Larson and V.R. Smith Vol. 3 (pp217-252). Academic Press, New York, 1974.
Dr Nikki-Marie Welch. MD from Duke University and the John Hopkins University School of Medicine, reports that her patients generally thrive after taking colostrum: "their condition usually improves substantially, and they feel a greater sense of well-being along with enhanced energy and stamina"
Francis, G.L. et. al. "Insulin-like growth factors 1(IGF-1) and 2(IGF-2) in bovine colostrum" Biochemistry Journal Vol. 251 (pp95-103), 1988 .
Klatz, R. and Kahn, C. Grow Young with hGH: The Amazing Medically Proven Plan to Lose Fat, Build Muscle, Reverse the Effects of Aging, Strengthen the Immune System, Improve Sexual Performance, Lower Blood Pressure and Cholesterol.(New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1997), p. 9.
Palmer, E.L. et. al. "Antiviral Activity of Colostrum and Serum Immunoglobulins A and G". Medical Virology, Vol. 5 (pp123-129), 1980 .
Playford, RJ, et. al. "Bovine colostrum is a health food supplement which prevents NSAID induced gut damage" Gut Vol 44(5) (pp653-8), May1999
Rona, Zoltan, M.D. "Bovine Colostrum Immunity, and The Ageing Process" Nature's Impact, August 1998
Walker, M., Bovine Colostrum Offers Broad-Spectrum Benefits for Wide-Ranging Ailments.(Appendix 10, Institute of Colostrum Research).
Wilson, D.C. and James, N.D. "Immune System Breakthrough: Colostrum" Journal Of Longevity, Vol. 4 (p2), 1998.
For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum as a health food
